C++ FAQs

[ivancp]

Clases y objetos

• ¿Qué es una clase?
• ¿Qué es un objeto?
• ¿Cuándo una interface es "buena"?
• ¿Qué es encapsulación?
• ¿Cómo ayuda C++ en el equilibrio de seguridad vs usabilidad?
• ¿Cómo prevenir el acceso a miembros privados de mi clase?
• ¿Puede un metodo acceder directamente a miembros no publicos de otras instancias de la misma clase?
• ¿La Encapsulación es un dispositivo de Seguridad?
• ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre struct y class?

Referencias

• ¿Que es una refencia?
• ¿Qué pasa si modifico una referencia?
• ¿Qué sucede si retorno una referencia?
• ¿Qué significa objeto.metodo1().metodo2()?
• ¿Cómo puedo cambiar la referencia a un nuevo objeto?
• ¿Cuándo debo utilizar referencias, y cuando punteros?
• ¿Qué es un handle de un objeto? ¿Es un puntero? ¿Es una referencia? ¿Es un puntero a otro puntero? ¿Qué es?

Funciones en línea

• ¿Cuál es el problema con las funciones en línea?
• ¿Un ejemplo simple de integración de procedimiento?
• ¿Las funciones en línea mejoran el rendimiento?
• ¿Cómo ayudan las funciones en línea con el equilibrio seguridad vs velocidad?
• ¿Porqué debería usar inline en lugar del viejo #define?
• ¿Cómo declaro una función enlinea fuera de una clase?
• ¿Cómo declaro una función enlinea dentro de una clase?
• ¿Hay otra manera declarar una función miembro en línea?
• With inline member functions that are defined outside the class, is it best to put the inline keyword next to the declaration within the class body, next to the definition outside the class body, or both?

Constructores

• ¿Qué hacen los constructores?
• ¿Hay alguna diferencia entre Lista x, y Lista x();?
• ¿Puede un constructor llamar a otro en la misma clase para inicializarlo?
• ¿Es Freed:Freed() el constructor por defecto de Freed?
• ¿Qué constructor es llamado al crear un array de objetos Freed?
• ¿Debe mi constructor utilizar "listas de inicialización" o "asignación"?

• Should my constructors use "initialization lists" or "assignment"?
• Should you use the this pointer in the constructor?
• What is the "Named Constructor Idiom"?
• Does return-by-value mean extra copies and extra overhead? Updated!
• What about returning a local variable by value? Does the local exist as a separate object, or does it get optimized away? New!
• Why can't I initialize my static member data in my constructor's initialization list? Updated!
• Why are classes with static data members getting linker errors? Updated!
• Can I add = initializer; to the declaration of a class-scope static const data member? New!
• What's the "static initialization order fiasco"?
• How do I prevent the "static initialization order fiasco"?
• Why doesn't the construct-on-first-use idiom use a static object instead of a static pointer?
• How do I prevent the "static initialization order fiasco" for my static data members?
• Do I need to worry about the "static initialization order fiasco" for variables of built-in/intrinsic types?
• How can I handle a constructor that fails?
• What is the "Named Parameter Idiom"?
• Why am I getting an error after declaring a Foo object via Foo x(Bar())?

Destructores

• What's the deal with destructors?
• What's the order that local objects are destructed?
• What's the order that objects in an array are destructed?
• Can I overload the destructor for my class?
• Should I explicitly call a destructor on a local variable?
• What if I want a local to "die" before the close } of the scope in which it was created? Can I call a destructor on a local if I really want to?
• OK, OK already; I won't explicitly call the destructor of a local; but how do I handle the above situation?
• What if I can't wrap the local in an artificial block?
• But can I explicitly call a destructor if I've allocated my object with new?
• What is "placement new" and why would I use it?
• When I write a destructor, do I need to explicitly call the destructors for my member objects?
• When I write a derived class's destructor, do I need to explicitly call the destructor for my base class?
• Should my destructor throw an exception when it detects a problem?
• Is there a way to force new to allocate memory from a specific memory area?

Operadores de asignación

• What is "self assignment"?
• Why should I worry about "self assignment"?
• OK, OK, already; I'll handle self-assignment. How do I do it?
• I'm creating a derived class; should my assignment operator call my base class's assignment operator?

Sobrecarga de operadores

• What's the deal with operator overloading?
• What are the benefits of operator overloading?
• What are some examples of operator overloading?
• But operator overloading makes my class look ugly; isn't it supposed to make my code clearer?
• What operators can/cannot be overloaded?
• Can I overload operator== so it lets me compare two char[] using a string comparison?
• Can I create a operator** for "to-the-power-of" operations?
• Okay, that tells me the operators I can override; which operators should I override?
• What are some guidelines / "rules of thumb" for overloading operators? Updated!
• How do I create a subscript operator for a Matrix class?
• Why shouldn't my Matrix class's interface look like an array-of-array?
• I still don't get it. Why shouldn't my Matrix class's interface look like an array-of-array?
• Should I design my classes from the outside (interfaces first) or from the inside (data first)?
• How can I overload the prefix and postfix forms of operators ++ and --?
• Which is more efficient: i++ or ++i?

Funciones amigas

• What is a friend?
• Do friends violate encapsulation?
• What are some advantages/disadvantages of using friend functions?
• What does it mean that "friendship isn't inherited, transitive, or reciprocal"?
• Should my class declare a member function or a friend function?

Input/output via <iostream> and <cstdio>

• Why should I use <iostream> instead of the traditional <cstdio>?
• Why does my program go into an infinite loop when someone enters an invalid input character?
• How can I get std::cin to skip invalid input characters?
• How does that funky while (std::cin >> foo) syntax work?
• Why does my input seem to process past the end of file?
• Why is my program ignoring my input request after the first iteration?
• Should I end my output lines with std::endl or '\n'?
• How can I provide printing for my class Fred?
• But shouldn't I always use a printOn() method rather than a friend function?
• How can I provide input for my class Fred?
• How can I provide printing for an entire hierarchy of classes?
• How can I open a stream in binary mode?
• How can I "reopen" std::cin and std::cout in binary mode?
• How can I write/read objects of my class to/from a data file?
• How can I send objects of my class to another computer (e.g., via a socket, TCP/IP, FTP, email, a wireless link, etc.)?
• Why can't I open a file in a different directory such as "..\test.dat"?
• How can I tell {if a key, which key} was pressed before the user presses the ENTER key?
• How can I make it so keys pressed by users are not echoed on the screen?
• How can I move the cursor around on the screen?
• How can I clear the screen? Is there something like clrscr()?
• How can I change the colors on the screen?

Freestore management

• Does delete p delete the pointer p, or the pointed-to-data *p?
• Is it safe to delete the same pointer twice?
• Can I free() pointers allocated with new? Can I delete pointers allocated with malloc()?
• Why should I use new instead of trustworthy old malloc()?
• Can I use realloc() on pointers allocated via new?
• Do I need to check for NULL after p = new Fred()?
• How can I convince my (older) compiler to automatically check new to see if it returns NULL?
• Do I need to check for NULL before delete p?
• What are the two steps that happen when I say delete p?
• In p = new Fred(), does the Fred memory "leak" if the Fred constructor throws an exception?
• How do I allocate / unallocate an array of things?
• What if I forget the [] when deleteing array allocated via new T[n]?
• Can I drop the [] when deleteing array of some built-in type (char, int, etc)?
• After p = new Fred[n], how does the compiler know there are n objects to be destructed during delete[] p?
• Is it legal (and moral) for a member function to say delete this?
• How do I allocate multidimensional arrays using new?
• But the previous FAQ's code is SOOOO tricky and error prone! Isn't there a simpler way?
• But the above Matrix class is specific to Fred! Isn't there a way to make it generic?
• What's another way to build a Matrix template?
• Does C++ have arrays whose length can be specified at run-time?
• How can I force objects of my class to always be created via new rather than as locals or global/static objects?
• How do I do simple reference counting?
• How do I provide reference counting with copy-on-write semantics?
• How do I provide reference counting with copy-on-write semantics for a hierarchy of classes?
• Can you absolutely prevent people from subverting the reference counting mechanism, and if so, should you?
• Can I use a garbage collector in C++?
• What are the two kinds of garbage collectors for C++?
• Where can I get more info on garbage collectors for C++?

Exceptions and error handling

• What are some ways try / catch / throw can improve software quality?
• I'm still not convinced: a 4-line code snippet shows that return-codes aren't any worse than exceptions; why should I therefore use exceptions on an application that is orders of magnitude larger? New!
• How do exceptions simplify my function return type and parameter types? New!
• What does it mean that exceptions separate the "good path" (or "happy path") from the "bad path"? New!
• Okay, so you're saying exception handling is easy and simple, right? New!
• Exception handling seems to make my life more difficult; clearly I'm not the problem, am I?? Updated!
• I have too many try blocks; what can I do about it? Updated!
• How can I handle a constructor that fails?
• How can I handle a destructor that fails?
• How should I handle resources if my constructors may throw exceptions?
• How do I change the string-length of an array of char to prevent memory leaks even if/when someone throws an exception?
• What should I throw?
• What should I catch?
• But MFC seems to encourage the use of catch-by-pointer; should I do the same?
• What does throw; (without an exception object after the throw keyword) mean? Where would I use it?
• How do I throw polymorphically?
• When I throw this object, how many times will it be copied?

Const correctness

• What is "const correctness"?
• How is "const correctness" related to ordinary type safety?
• Should I try to get things const correct "sooner" or "later"?
• What does "Fred const* p" mean?
• What's the difference between "Fred const* p", "Fred* const p" and "Fred const* const p"?
• What does "Fred const& x" mean? Updated!
• Does "Fred& const x" make any sense?
• What does "const X& x" mean?
• What does "const X* x" mean?
• What is a "const member function"?
• What's the relationship between a return-by-reference and a const member function?
• What's the deal with "const-overloading"?
• What do I do if I want a const member function to make an "invisible" change to a data member?
• Does const_cast mean lost optimization opportunities?
• Why does the compiler allow me to change an int after I've pointed at it with a int const*?
• Does "Fred const* p" mean that *p can't change?
• Why am I getting an error converting a Foo** → Foo const**? Updated!

Inheritance — basics

• Is inheritance important to C++?
• When would I use inheritance?
• How do you express inheritance in C++?
• Is it OK to convert a pointer from a derived class to its base class?
• What's the difference between public, private, and protected?
• Why can't my derived class access private things from my base class?
• How can I protect derived classes from breaking when I change the internal parts of the base class?
• I've been told to never use protected data, and instead to always use private data with protected access functions. Is that a good rule?
• Okay, so exactly how should I decide whether to build a "protected interface"?

Inheritance — virtual functions

• What is a "virtual member function"?
• How can C++ achieve dynamic binding yet also static typing?
• What's the difference between how virtual and non-virtual member functions are called?
• What happens in the hardware when I call a virtual function? How many layers of indirection are there? How much overhead is there?
• How can a member function in my derived class call the same function from its base class?
• I have a heterogeneous list of objects, and my code needs to do class-specific things to the objects. Seems like this ought to use dynamic binding but can't figure it out. What should I do?
• When should my destructor be virtual? Updated!
• What is a "virtual constructor"?

Inheritance — proper inheritance and substitutability

• Should I hide member functions that were public in my base class?
• Converting Derived* → Base* works OK; why doesn't Derived** → Base** work? Updated!
• Is a parking-lot-of-Car a kind-of parking-lot-of-Vehicle?
• Is an array of Derived a kind-of array of Base?
• Does array-of-Derived is-not-a-kind-of array-of-Base mean arrays are bad?
• Is a Circle a kind-of an Ellipse?
• Are there other options to the "Circle is/isnot kind-of Ellipse" dilemma?
• But I have a Ph.D. in Mathematics, and I'm sure a Circle is a kind of an Ellipse! Does this mean Marshall Cline is stupid? Or that C++ is stupid? Or that OO is stupid?
• Perhaps Ellipse should inherit from Circle then?
• But my problem doesn't have anything to do with circles and ellipses, so what good is that silly example to me?
• How could "it depend"??!? Aren't terms like "Circle" and "Ellipse" defined mathematically?
• If SortedList has exactly the same public interface as List, is SortedList a kind-of List?

Inheritance — abstract base classes (ABCs)

• What's the big deal of separating interface from implementation?
• How do I separate interface from implementation in C++ (like Modula-2)?
• What is an ABC?
• What is a "pure virtual" member function?
• How do you define a copy constructor or assignment operator for a class that contains a pointer to a (abstract) base class?

Inheritance — what your mother never told you

• Is it okay for a non-virtual function of the base class to call a virtual function?
• That last FAQ confuses me. Is it a different strategy from the other ways to use virtual functions? What's going on?
• Should I use protected virtuals instead of public virtuals?
• When should someone use private virtuals? Updated!
• When my base class's constructor calls a virtual function on its this object, why doesn't my derived class's override of that virtual function get invoked?
• Okay, but is there a way to simulate that behavior as if dynamic binding worked on the this object within my base class's constructor?
• I'm getting the same mess with destructors: calling a virtual on my this object from my base class's destructor ends up ignoring the override in the derived class; what's going on?
• Should a derived class redefine ("override") a member function that is non-virtual in a base class?
• What's the meaning of, Warning: Derived::f(char) hides Base::f(double)?
• What does it mean that the "virtual table" is an unresolved external?
• How can I set up my class so it won't be inherited from?
• How can I set up my member function so it won't be overridden in a derived class?

[/list]Inheritance — private and protected inheritance

• How do you express "private inheritance"?
• How are "private inheritance" and "composition" similar?
• Which should I prefer: composition or private inheritance?
• Should I pointer-cast from a private derived class to its base class?
• How is protected inheritance related to private inheritance?
• What are the access rules with private and protected inheritance?
  

Inheritance — multiple and virtual inheritance Updated!

• How is this section organized?
• I've been told that I should never use multiple inheritance. Is that right?
• So there are times when multiple inheritance isn't bad?!??
• What are some disciplines for using multiple inheritance?
• Can you provide an example that demonstrates the above guidelines?
• Is there a simple way to visualize all these tradeoffs? Updated!
• Can you give another example to illustrate the above disciplines?
• What is the "dreaded diamond"?
• Where in a hierarchy should I use virtual inheritance? Updated!
• What does it mean to "delegate to a sister class" via virtual inheritance?
• What special considerations do I need to know about when I use virtual inheritance?
• What special considerations do I need to know about when I inherit from a class that uses virtual inheritance?
• What special considerations do I need to know about when I use a class that uses virtual inheritance?
• One more time: what is the exact order of constructors in a multiple and/or virtual inheritance situation?
• What is the exact order of destructors in a multiple and/or virtual inheritance situation?

Built-in / intrinsic / primitive data types

• Can sizeof(char) be 2 on some machines? For example, what about double-byte characters?
• What are the units of sizeof?
• Whoa, but what about machines or compilers that support multibyte characters. Are you saying that a "character" and a char might be different?!?
• But, but, but what about machines where a char has more than 8 bits? Surely you're not saying a C++ byte might have more than 8 bits, are you?!?
• Okay, I could imagine a machine with 9-bit bytes. But surely not 16-bit bytes or 32-bit bytes, right?
• I'm sooooo confused. Would you please go over the rules about bytes, chars, and characters one more time?
• What is a "POD type"?
• When initializing non-static data members of built-in / intrinsic / primitive types, should I use the "initialization list" or assignment?
• When initializing static data members of built-in / intrinsic / primitive types, should I worry about the "static initialization order fiasco"?
• Can I define an operator overload that works with built-in / intrinsic / primitive types?
• When I delete an array of some built-in / intrinsic / primitive type, why can't I just say delete a instead of delete[] a?
• How can I tell if an integer is a power of two without looping?
• What should be returned from a function?

Coding standards Updated!

• What are some good C++ coding standards? Updated!
• Are coding standards necessary? Are they sufficient?
• Should our organization determine coding standards from our C experience?
• What's the difference between <xxx> and <xxx.h> headers?
• Should I use using namespace std in my code?
• Is the ?: operator evil since it can be used to create unreadable code?
• Should I declare locals in the middle of a function or at the top?
• What source-file-name convention is best? foo.cpp? foo.C? foo.cc?
• What header-file-name convention is best? foo.H? foo.hh? foo.hpp?
• Are there any lint-like guidelines for C++?
• Why do people worry so much about pointer casts and/or reference casts?
• Which is better: identifier names that_look_like_this or identifier names thatLookLikeThis?
• Are there any other sources of coding standards?
• Should I use "unusual" syntax?

Learning OO/C++ Updated!

[28.1] What is mentoring?

• Should I learn C before I learn OO/C++?
• Should I learn Smalltalk before I learn OO/C++?
• Should I buy one book, or several?
• What are some best-of-breed C++ morality guides? Updated!
• What are some best-of-breed C++ legality guides?
• What are some best-of-breed C++ programming-by-example guides?
• Are there other OO books that are relevant to OO/C++?

Newbie Questions / Answers Updated!

• What is this "newbie section" all about?
• Where do I start? Why do I feel so confused, so stupid?
• Should I use void main() or int main()?
• Should I use f(void) or f()?
• What are the criteria for choosing between short / int / long data types?
• What the heck is a const variable? Isn't that a contradiction in terms?
• Why would I use a const variable / const identifier as opposed to #define?
• Are you saying that the preprocessor is evil?
• What is the "standard library"? What is included / excluded from it?
• How should I lay out my code? When should I use spaces, tabs, and/or newlines in my code?
• Is it okay if a lot of numbers appear in my code?
• What's the point of the L, U and f suffixes on numeric literals?
• I can understand the and (&&) and or (||) operators, but what's the purpose of the not (!) operator?
• Is !(a < b) logically the same as a >= b?
• What is this NaN thing?
• Why is floating point so inaccurate? Why doesn't this print 0.43?
• Why doesn't my floating-point comparison work? Updated!
• Why is cos(x) != cos(y) even though x == y? (Or sine or tangent or log or just about any other floating point computation)
• What is the type of an enumeration such as enum Color? Is it of type int?
• If an enumeration type is distinct from any other type, what good is it? What can you do with it?
• What other "newbie" guides are there for me?

Learning C++ if you already know Smalltalk Updated!

• What's the difference between C++ and Smalltalk? Updated!
• What is "static typing," and how is it similar/dissimilar to Smalltalk?
• Which is a better fit for C++: "static typing" or "dynamic typing"?
• How do you use inheritance in C++, and is that different from Smalltalk?
• What are the practical consequences of differences in Smalltalk/C++ inheritance?

Reference and value semantics Updated!

• What is value and/or reference semantics, and which is best in C++?
• What is "virtual data," and how-can / why-would I use it in C++?
• What's the difference between virtual data and dynamic data?
• Should I normally use pointers to freestore allocated objects for my data members, or should I use "composition"?
• What are relative costs of the 3 performance hits associated with allocating member objects from the freestore?
• Are "inline virtual" member functions ever actually "inlined"?
• Sounds like I should never use reference semantics, right? Updated!
• Does the poor performance of reference semantics mean I should pass-by-value?

How to mix C and C++ Updated!

• What do I need to know when mixing C and C++ code?
• How can I include a standard C header file in my C++ code?
• How can I include a non-system C header file in my C++ code?
• How can I modify my own C header files so it's easier to #include them in C++ code?
• How can I call a non-system C function f(int,char,float) from my C++ code?
• How can I create a C++ function f(int,char,float) that is callable by my C code?
• Why is the linker giving errors for C/C++ functions being called from C++/C functions?
• How can I pass an object of a C++ class to/from a C function? Updated!
• Can my C function directly access data in an object of a C++ class?
• Why do I feel like I'm "further from the machine" in C++ as opposed to C?

Pointers to member functions Updated!

• Is the type of "pointer-to-member-function" different from "pointer-to-function"?
• How do I pass a pointer-to-member-function to a signal handler, X event callback, system call that starts a thread/task, etc?
• Why do I keep getting compile errors (type mismatch) when I try to use a member function as an interrupt service routine?
• Why am I having trouble taking the address of a C++ function?
• How can I avoid syntax errors when creating pointers to members? Updated!
• How can I avoid syntax errors when calling a member function using a pointer-to-member-function? Updated!
• How do I create and use an array of pointer-to-member-function?
• How do I declare a pointer-to-member-function that points to a const member function? New!
• What is the difference between the .* and ->* operators? New!
• Can I convert a pointer-to-member-function to a void*? Updated!
• Can I convert a pointer-to-function to a void*? Updated!
• I need something like function-pointers, but with more flexibility and/or thread-safety; is there another way?
• What the heck is a functionoid, and why would I use one?
• Can you make functionoids faster than normal function calls?
• What's the difference between a functionoid and a functor?

Container classes Updated!

• Why should I use container classes rather than simple arrays?
• How can I make a perl-like associative array in C++?
• Is the storage for a std::vector<T> guaranteed to be contiguous?
• How can I build a <favorite container> of objects of different types?
• How can I insert/access/change elements from a linked list/hashtable/etc? Updated!
• Can I have a container of smart pointers to my objects? Updated!

Templates Updated!

• What's the idea behind templates?
• What's the syntax / semantics for a "class template"? Updated!
• What's the syntax / semantics for a "function template"?
• How do I explicitly select which version of a function template should get called?
• What is a "parameterized type"?
• What is "genericity"?
• My template function does something special when the template type T is int or std::string; how do I write my template so it uses the special code when T is one of those specific types?
• Huh? Can you provide an example of template specialization that doesn't use foo and bar?
• But most of the code in my template function is the same; is there some way to get the benefits of template specialization without duplicating all that source code?
• All those templates and template specializations must slow down my program, right?
• So templates are overloading, right?
• Why can't I separate the definition of my templates class from its declaration and put it inside a .cpp file?
• How can I avoid linker errors with my template functions?
• How does the C++ keyword export help with template linker errors? Updated!
• How can I avoid linker errors with my template classes?
• Why do I get linker errors when I use template friends?
• How can any human hope to understand these overly verbose template-based error messages?
• Why am I getting errors when my template-derived-class uses a nested type it inherits from its template-base-class?
• Why am I getting errors when my template-derived-class uses a member it inherits from its template-base-class?
• Can the previous problem hurt me silently? Is it possible that the compiler will silently generate the wrong code?
• How can I create a container-template that allows my users to supply the type of the underlying container that actually stores the values? New!
• Follow-up to previous: can I pass in the underlying structure and the element-type separately? New!
• Related: all those proxies must negatively reflect on the speed of my program. Don't they? New!

Serialization and Unserialization Updated!

• What's this "serialization" thing all about?
• How do I select the best serialization technique? Updated!
• How do I decide whether to serialize to human-readable ("text") or non-human-readable ("binary") format?
• How do I serialize/unserialize simple types like numbers, characters, strings, etc.? Updated!
• How exactly do I read/write simple types in human-readable ("text") format?
• How exactly do I read/write simple types in non-human-readable ("binary") format?
• How do I serialize objects that aren't part of an inheritance hierarchy and that don't contain pointers to other objects?
• How do I serialize objects that are part of an inheritance hierarchy and that don't contain pointers to other objects? Updated!
• How do I serialize objects that contain pointers to other objects, but those pointers form a tree with no cycles and no joins?
• How do I serialize objects that contain pointers to other objects, but those pointers form a tree with no cycles and only "trivial" joins?
• How do I serialize objects that contain pointers to other objects, and those pointers form a graph that might have cycles or non-trivial joins?
• Are there any caveats when serializing / unserializing objects?
• What's all this about graphs, trees, nodes, cycles, joins, and joins at the leaves vs. internal nodes?

Class libraries Updated!

• What is the "STL"?
• Where can I get a copy of "STL"?
• How can I find a Fred object in an STL container of Fred* such as std::vector<Fred*>?
• Where can I get help on how to use STL?
• How can you tell if you have a dynamically typed C++ class library?
• What is the NIHCL? Where can I get it?
• Where can I ftp the code that accompanies "Numerical Recipes"? Updated!
• Why is my executable so large?
• Where can I get tons and tons of more information on C++ class libraries?

Compiler dependencies

• Where can I download a free C++ compiler?
• Where can I get more information on using MFC and Visual C++?
• How do I display text in the status bar using MFC?
• How can I decompile an executable program back into C++ source code?
• Where can I get information about the C++ compiler from {Borland, IBM, Microsoft, Sun, etc.}?
• What's the difference between C++ and Visual C++?
• How do compilers use "over-allocation" to remember the number of elements in an allocated array?
• How do compilers use an "associative array" to remember the number of elements in an allocated array?
• If name mangling was standardized, could I link code compiled with compilers from different compiler vendors?
• GNU C++ (g++) produces big executables for tiny programs; Why?
• Is there a yacc-able C++ grammar?
• What is C++ 1.2? 2.0? 2.1? 3.0?
• Is it possible to convert C++ to C?

Miscellaneous technical issues Updated!

• How do I convert a value (a number, for example) to a std::string?
• How do I convert a std::string to a number?
• Can I templatize the above functions so they work with other types?
• What should be done with macros that contain if? Updated!
• What should be done with macros that have multiple lines?
• What should be done with macros that need to paste two tokens together?
• Why can't the compiler find my header file in #include "c:\test.h" ?
• What are the C++ scoping rules for for loops?
• Why can't I overload a function by its return type?
• What is "persistence"? What is a "persistent object"?
• How can I create two classes that both know about each other?
• What special considerations are needed when forward declarations are used with member objects?
• What special considerations are needed when forward declarations are used with inline functions?
• Why can't I put a forward-declared class in a std::vector<>?
• Why do some people think x = ++y + y++ is bad?
• What's the deal with "sequence points"?

Miscellaneous environmental issues

• How can I generate HTML documentation for my classes? Does C++ have anything similar to javadoc?
• Is there a TeX or LaTeX macro that fixes the spacing on "C++"?
• Are there any pretty-printers that reformat C++ source code?
• Is there a C++-mode for GNU emacs? If so, where can I get it?
• Where can I get OS-specific questions answered (e.g., BC++, Windows, etc)?
• Why does my DOS C++ program says "Sorry: floating point code not linked"?
• Why does my BC++ Windows app crash when I'm not running the BC45 IDE?

Las entradas fueron obtenidas del C++ FAQ Lite
Copyright © 1991-98 by Marshall Cline Ph.D., cline@parashift.com
Traducido por: ivancp

Nota: Las FAQs estan en fase experimental.